Zeolite catalyst with deposited germanium, aluminum and platinum for aromatization of alkanes, process of making and process of using thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention is for a catalyst, a process for making the catalyst and a process for using the catalyst in aromatization of alkanes having three to five carbon atoms per molecule, such as propane, to aromatics, such as benzene, toluene and xylene. The catalyst is an aluminum-silicon zeolite having a silicon to aluminum atomic ratio (Si:Al) greater than 15:1, such as MFI or ZSM-5, on which germanium, aluminum and a noble metal, such as platinum, have been deposited. The catalyst may be bound with magnesia, alumina, titania, zirconia, thoria, silica, boria or mixtures thereof. The aluminum and germanium may be deposited simultaneously on the zeolite.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a zeolite catalyst, such as a MFI, L or β zeolite on which platinum, germanium and aluminum have been deposited. One use of this zeolite catalyst is for conversion of aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as propane, to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene and xylenes.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Zeolite is a crystalline hydrated aluminosilicate that may contain other metals in the framework of the zeolite crystal or deposited, exchanged or impregnated onto the zeolite. A method for preparing a zeolite comprises (a) preparing an aqueous mixture of silicon oxide and sources of oxides of aluminum; and (b) maintaining said aqueous mixture under crystallization conditions until crystals of zeolite form. Zeolite by itself is known as an operative catalyst for many hydrocarbon conversion reactions but selectivity to a particular product may be low. Much zeolite research has focused on modifying the zeolite by depositing particular elements or compounds on the surface of the zeolite.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,822 discloses an MFI zeolite in hydrogen form with silicon, aluminum and/or gallium in the framework; a matrix of a refractory oxide and at least one oxide of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, thorium, silicon or boron; gallium; platinum and at least one other metal, such as tin, germanium, indium, copper, iron, molybdenum, gallium, thallium, gold, silver, ruthenium, chromium, tungsten and lead, as a catalyst for aromatization of hydrocarbons of two to nine carbon atoms per molecule.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,557 discloses an MFI zeolite with platinum and at least one metal of tin, germanium, lead and indium, optionally containing an amorphous matrix, as a catalyst for aromatization of hydrocarbons of two to four carbon atoms per molecule.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a process for aromatization of a feed comprising alkanes having three to five carbon atoms per molecule a catalyst comprising a zeolite having a silicon:aluminum ratio greater than about 15:1; germanium deposited on the zeolite in the range from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent; aluminum deposited on the zeolite in the range of Ge:Al mole ratio from about 0.02 to about 7.5; and a noble metal deposited on the zeolite is contacted with at least one alkane at aromatization conditions and the aromatic product is recovered.

The catalyst is a zeolite aluminosilicate on which germanium, aluminum and platinum are deposited in the amounts and ranges above. The catalyst is synthesized by depositing germanium, aluminum and a noble metal, such as platinum, on a zeolite in the amounts and ranges above. Germanium and aluminum may be deposited simultaneously. The zeolite may be calcined after deposition. Examples of the zeolite structure are MFI, L and β. A specific example of the zeolite structure is MFI or ZSM-5. The zeolite contains aluminum, silicon and, optionally, another element in the framework.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 is a graph of propane conversion, fuel gas selectivity and BTX selectivity for a reaction for aromatization of propane (Example 4).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Platinum, germanium and aluminum are deposited on a zeolite. The zeolite can be prepared by any known method of preparing a zeolite structure of aluminum, silicon and, optionally, other elements, such as gallium, germanium, tin, boron, titanium and iron. Zeolites are known to be crystallized silicates and include structures of TO₄ tetrahedra, which form a three dimensional network by sharing oxygen atoms where T represents tetravalent silicon and trivalent aluminum. Other trivalent elements may be substituted for the aluminum and other tetravalent elements may be substituted for the silicon. In one embodiment of the invention the zeolite consists essentially of silicon and aluminum.

Zeolites generally crystallize from an aqueous solution. The typical technique for synthesizing zeolites comprises converting an amorphous gel to zeolite crystals by a hydrothermal process, employing a dissolution/recrystallization mechanism. The reaction medium may also contain structuring agents which are incorporated in the microporous space of the zeolite network during crystallization, thus controlling the construction of the network and assisting to stabilize the structure through the interactions with the zeolite components.

In the present invention, the as synthesized silicon to aluminum atomic ratio (Si:Al) of the zeolite is greater than 15:1 or in the range from 35:1 to 300:1. Platinum, germanium and aluminum are deposited on the zeolite by any known method of depositing a metal on a zeolite. Typical methods of depositing a metal on zeolite are ion exchange and impregnation, such as by incipient wetness. Platinum is present in the range of from 0.15% to 1.0% by weight, germanium is present in the range from 0.1% to 3.0% by weight, from 0.1% to 2.0% by weight or from 0.15% to 0.6% by weight and the deposited aluminum is present at a Ge:Al molar ratio in the range from 0.02 to 7.5 or in the range from 0.08 to 0.35 or is present in the range from about 0.15 to about 2.0 weight percent.

The catalyst may be bound by oxides of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, thorium, silicon, boron and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the support is an oxide of silicon (silica).

The invention having been generally described, the following examples are given as particular embodiments of the invention and to demonstrate the practice and advantages thereof. It is understood that the examples are given by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the specification or the claims to follow in any manner.

ZSM-5 zeolite of Si/Al₂ ratio of 100 was prepared by standard procedures. Zeolite powder was ion-exchanged with ammonia to remove sodium ions and converted to H⁺ form by calcination at 550° C. for ten hours. Pt—Ge—Al/H-ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by impregnating H-ZSM-5 zeolite with germanium and aluminum by incipient wetness, calcining at 600° C. for ten (10) hours, binding with silica at a ratio of 1:1 by weight, calcining at 550° C. for ten (10) hours, crushing and sieving to 20/40 mesh size, depositing platinum by ion exchange or impregnation and calcining at 300° C. for about three (3) to twenty (20) hours. The catalyst was used in a reaction of propane dehydrocyclodimerization at a pressure of 22 psig and a WHSV of 1.0 hr⁻¹ for a run time of about eight hours for each sample at a temperature as indicated in Table 1. Examples were repeated for different amounts of Ge, Al and Pt at these conditions with the results indicated in Table 1.

Examples were repeated for different amounts of Al with the amounts of Ge and Pt constant at the conditions indicated above with the results indicated in Table 2. Examples were repeated for a zeolite with Si/Al ratio of 30 and different amounts of Ge with the amounts of Al and Pt constant at the conditions indicated above with the results indicated in Table 3. Platinum was ion exchanged. Examples were repeated for a zeolite with Si/Al ratio of 30 and different amounts of Ge with the amounts of Al and Pt constant at the conditions indicated above with the results indicated in Table 4. Platinum was impregnated (incipient wetness). The propane conversion, fuel gas selectivity and benzene, toluene, xylenes (BTX) selectivity for Example 4 are shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE 1 Si/Al Si/Al Ge/Al (zeolite) Ge Al Si/Ge total depos. Fuel Si Al (mole depos. depos. (mole (mole (mole Conv Temp. gas BTX Zeolite (wt %) (wt %) ratio) (wt %) (wt %) ratio) ratio) ratio) (%) (° C.) Sel Sel. 317-048   46.73 0.83 54.29 0 0 — 54.29 — (CE1) 309-086-4 44.67 0.83 51.90 0.30 0 386.13 51.90 — 50 482 39 48 (CE2) 309-086-3 44.84 0.82 52.73 0.59 0 197.08 52.73 — 50 485 40 47 (CE3) 309-086-2 44.91 0.83 52.18 0.89 0 130.86 52.18 — 50 485 40 47 (CE4) 309-086-1 44.17 0.83 51.32 1.16 0 98.74 51.32 — 50 485 40 47 (CE5) 309-086-6 44.62 0.84 51.22 1.68 0 68.87 51.22 — 50 495 38 46 (CE6) 309-086-5 44.09 1.33 52.73 0.57 0.51 200.59 31.97 0.416 50 483 38 52 (Ex1)

TABLE 2 Si/Al Si/Al Ge/Al (zeolite) Ge Al Si/Ge total depos. Fuel Si Al (mole depos. depos. (mole (mole (mole Conv Temp. gas BTX Zeolite (wt %) (wt %) ratio) (wt %) (wt %) ratio) ratio) ratio) (%) (° C.) Sel Sel. 317-036   44.07 0.78 54.48 0 0 — 54.48 — (CE7) 317-062-1 44.70 0.80 53.87 0.61 0 190.02 53.87 — 50 473 51.5 35 (CE8) 317-062-2 43.91 1.32 ~54 0.59 0.52 193.00 32.08 0.42 50 477 46.0 39 (Ex2) 317-062-3 43.86 1.87 ~54 0.60 1.07 189.56 22.62 0.21 50 482 44.0 42 (Ex3) 317-062-4 43.30 2.30 ~54 0.58 1.50 193.60 18.15 0.14 50 486 36.0 51 (Ex4)

TABLE 3 Si/Al Si/Al Ge/Al (zeolite) Ge Al Si/Ge total depos. Fuel Si Al (mole depos. depos. (mole (mole (mole Conv Temp. gas BTX Zeolite (wt %) (wt %) ratio) (wt %) (wt %) ratio) ratio) ratio) (%) (° C.) Sel Sel. H-ZSM-5 41.47 2.41 16.59 0 0 — 16.59 — CBV3020E (CE9) 317-132- 42.47 3.08 16.59 0.94 0.67 117.16 13.29 0.52 — — — — Al-1 (Ex5) 317-132- 42.20 3.14 16.59 1.93 0.73 56.70 12.96 0.98 70 508 51 42 Al-2 (Ex6) 317-132- 41.62 3.02 16.59 2.82 0.61 38.27 13.29 1.72 70 546 47 45 Al-3 (Ex7)

TABLE 4 Si/Al Si/Al Ge/Al Fuel zeolite Ge Al Si/Ge total depos. gas BTX Si Al (mole depos. depos. (mole (mole (mole Conv Temp. Sel Sel. Catalyst (wt %) (wt %) ratio) (wt %) (wt %) ratio) ratio) ratio) (%) (° C.) (%) (%) 317- 42.47 3.08 16.59 0.94 0.67 117.16 13.29 0.52 70 507 59 34 132-Al- 1-Pt-2 (Ex8) 317- 42.20 3.14 16.59 1.93 0.73 56.70 12.96 0.98 50 526 45 42 132-Al- 2-Pt-2 (Ex9) 317- 41.62 3.02 16.59 2.82 0.61 38.27 13.29 1.72 50 556 36 50 132-Al- 3-Pt-2 (Ex10)

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 

1. A process for aromatization of alkanes comprising contacting a feed comprising alkanes having three to five carbon atoms per molecule at conditions for aromatization with a catalyst comprising: a) a zeolite having a silicon:aluminum ratio greater than about 15:1; b) germanium deposited on the zeolite in the range from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent; c) aluminum deposited on the zeolite in the range of Ge:Al mole ratio from about 0.02 to about 7.5; and d) a noble metal deposited on the zeolite.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the zeolite is MFI.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the noble metal is platinum.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the silicon:aluminum ratio is about 35:1 to 300:1.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein platinum is present in the range of from 0.15% to 1.0% by weight.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein germanium is present in the range from 0.1% to 2.0% by weight.
 7. The process of claim 1 where in germanium is present in the range from 0.15% to 0.6% by weight.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the Ge:Al molar ratio is in the range from 0.08 to 0.35.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst additionally comprises a binder selected from oxides of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, thorium, silicon, boron or mixtures thereof.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the binder is an oxide of silicon (silica).
 11. A process for making a catalyst comprising: a) depositing germanium in the range from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent on a zeolite having a silicon:aluminum ratio greater than about 15:1; b) depositing aluminum on the zeolite in the range of Ge:Al mole ratio from about 0.02 to about 7.5; and c) depositing a noble metal on the zeolite wherein the germanium and aluminum are deposited simultaneously on the zeolite.
 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the zeolite is MFI.
 13. The process of claim 11 wherein the noble metal is platinum.
 14. The process of claim 11 wherein the silicon:aluminum ratio is about 35:1 to 300:1.
 15. The process of claim 11 wherein platinum is present in the range of from 0.15% to 1.0% by weight.
 16. The process of claim 11 wherein germanium is present in the range from 0.1% to 3.0% by weight.
 17. The process of claim 11 where in germanium is present in the range from 0.1% to 2.0% by weight.
 18. The process of claim 11 wherein the Ge:Al molar ratio is in the range from 0.08 to 0.35.
 19. The process of claim 11 wherein the aluminum is deposited on the zeolite in the range from about 0.15 to about 2.0 weight percent.
 20. The process of claim 11 further comprising binding the catalyst with oxides of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, thorium, silicon, boron or mixtures thereof.
 21. The process of claim 11 further comprising binding the catalyst with oxides of silicon (silica).
 22. A catalyst comprising: a) a zeolite having a silicon:aluminum ratio greater than about 15:1; b) germanium deposited on the zeolite in the range from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent; c) aluminum deposited on the zeolite in the range of Ge:Al mole ratio from about 0.02 to about 7.5; and d) a noble metal deposited on the zeolite.
 23. The process of claim 22 wherein the zeolite is MFI.
 24. The process of claim 22 wherein the noble metal is platinum.
 25. The process of claim 22 wherein the silicon:aluminum ratio is about 35:1 to 300:1.
 26. The process of claim 22 wherein platinum is present in the range of from 0.15% to 1.0% by weight.
 27. The process of claim 22 wherein germanium is present in the range from 0.1% to 2.0% by weight.
 28. The process of claim 22 where in germanium is present in the range from 0.15% to 0.6% by weight.
 29. The process of claim 22 wherein the Ge:Al molar ratio is in the range from 0.08 to 0.35. 